Spring-Tooth Harrow

           A spring-tooth harrow or drag harrow more specifically refers to a largely outdated type of soil cultivation implement that is used to smooth the ground as well as loosen it after it has been plowed and packed. It uses many flexible iron teeth usually arranged into three rows. It has no hydraulic functionality and has to be raised and adjusted with one or multiple manual levers. It is a largely outdated piece of farm equipment, having been replaced by more modern disc harrows and deeper, stiff-toothed rippers, however, smaller farmers still use them.

          It was invented by David L. Garver in 1869. It was created because soil was quite rocky, so the spring-tooth harrow was a machine that dug the rocks out or derockatized the ground. This machine made it easier on the farmer to work. It helped to produce more product and was faster. It also helpegetting to the market quicker and getting more of the supply there. It gave the ground better nutrients and easier to plant things.

The Agricultural and Industrial Revolution

Subsistance farming- growing only what your family needs.
Enclosure movement- starting fencing all the common ground off
Common ground- land owned by everyone
Small families had farms taken and given to larger families in the enclosure movement
Tenant farmers
Those who couldnt be tenant farmers were forced to move
A man named Jethroh Toll was concerned about the amount of seed wasted by hand seeding, so he invented the seed drill, which made it more efficient to plant seed and plant in straight rows, made harvest easier and more efficient
crop rotation-  rotating the crops in the land you plant them in, because each crop requires a different nuetrients
-they continue to make advancements. they go from a wooden plow to a medal plow
-they created an interchangable plow, replaceable blades
-now larger populations in the cities, to find work, there is no work right now but soon there will be.
-Great Britain because of factors of productions is now the leader of production in europe because of natural resourses, the 2 top in great britian -iron ore, and coal
-the three factors of production-land, natural resourses and labor
-Great Britian also has water and rivers-power/energy, transportation
textile industry/clothing
-were made by hand, long time
-mechanization of things, mechanics
-they are now making things with machiness, they created a machine that can make clothes by almost 100,000 times faster
-the factory system now comes into play, we are now going into a age when people can man these machines for a flat rate a day and continue to pump out all these textiles.
-the steam engine has finally been created, now ways to power factories and boats and locomotives, travel time has been cut well over 1/2, and our communication is quicker

4 page newspaper

3 news articles-300-350 words each, solid facts, who what when where why and how

4 feature articles-fact based but not as timely as news articles, 275-325 words

2 editorials-only article with your opinion but it needs facts, 350-400 words

5 pictures with captions

3 charts/graphs

name the newspaper, something catchy

1 news article-911
2 featured articles- dinasaurs making a come back, global warming
1 editorial-30 students killed in Blacksburg Virginia
3 pictures
2 charts

Aretmisia Gentileschi
-introduced to painting in her fathers workshop
-she was raped
-she was praised and made-fun of
-she suffered neglect
-most important woman painter of early modern Europe
-painted pictures of strong woman including a self portrait*

Sr. Thomas More
-english lawyer, author
-important counciler to henry 8th
-wrote utopia

Martin Luther
-born into srict german-catholic family
-wrote the 95 theses
-he rebelled

Prince Henry of Portugual
-thrid child of King Jonh
-established a center of navigation and exploration

Miguel Decervantes
-born in 1547
-spanish novelist poret and playwriter
-wrote the book Donquixode

Filippo Brunelleschi
-formulated techniques for lifting things
-built the church of san
-designed a built a dome for the florence Cathedral

Ambrose Pare
-french surgeon
-great offical royal surgeon
- leader in surgical techniques
-1st to use bandages*

Pieter Brueghel
-nicked bruegel the peasant
-painted the peasnt dance a painting that relies on detail and realism*

Niccolo Machiavelli
-wrote a book called the Prince*

Leonardo Da Vinci
-invented and sketched early tanks and cars*

Nicolaus Copernicus
-published the therory the Earthy was not th ecenter of the universe*

Louise Labe

Louise Labé, (c. 1520 or 1522, Lyon – April 25, 1566, Parcieux), also identified as La Belle Cordière, (The Beautiful Ropemaker), was a female French poet of the Renaissance, born at Lyon, the daughter of a rich ropemaker, Pierre Charly, and his second wife, Etiennette Roybet.

Louise Labe was born in the early 1520s to a prosperous rope-maker, a member of the Lyon bourgeoisie. Her mother died when Labe was a child; her father had her educated in languages as well as in music, and she tells us that she also learned to ride and fence. She was married in her early 20s to another rope-maker, some 30 years older than she. It was apparently after her marriage that she began to participate in the literary circles of Lyon, which at the time challenged Paris as a cosmopolitan center and which allowed the bourgeoisie greater participation in cultural life than did the capital.

In 1555 Euvres de Louize Labe Lionnoize was published in Lyon: it contained a prose dedicatory epistle to a local noblewoman, a prose Debat de Folie et d'Amour, 24 sonnets (the first in Italian), and three elegies; the work concluded with 24 poems by other writers, praising Labe's ability. The book was popular enough that three other editions came out within a year (the first "revues et corrigees par la dite Dame"), and it was widely-read enough to bring both praise from beyond Lyon and criticism for being immodest and "unwomanly."

Sometime after 1556, Labe apparently left Lyon to live in the countryside. Her husband died in the early 1560s and she died, perhaps of the plague, in 1566.

Robert Hook
-english pholosopher
-helped rebuild London after fire
-built Grgorian telescopes
-last of 4 children
-architect

Niccolo Machiavelli
-born in Florence
-secretary of the ten
-lived for politics and patriottism
-wrote a book Prince

John Calvin
-He created Calvinism
-french reformer
-Calvinism was built on the supreme of God
-Janieva

Galileo Galiliei
-well-known musician
-made a telescope with 32 times magninfication
-created a  mililtary compass
-became blind
-created military thermometer
-first to record sun-spots

Johnnes Gutenberg
-German blacksmth, goldsmith, and publisher
-introduced printing to Europe
-invented movable printing press
-he major work was the Glutenburg Bible

Leonardo Davinci
-Painted the Mona Lisa
-painted the last supper
-first completed work was the unnunceation
-invented sketched the very first tanks and car

Michelangelo
-Italian painter
-painted the Sisteen Chapel was the most famous*

William Shakspear
-wrote the play Romeo and Juliet among others*

Robert Hooke
-developed the compound micro-scope*

Andreaus Vesalius
-published detailed desciription of the human anatomy*

Christopher Columbus

Columbus, Christopher (1451-1506), Italian Spanish navigator who sailed west across the Atlantic Ocean in search of a route to Asia but achieved fame by making landfall in the Americas instead.

On October 12, 1492, two worlds unknown to each other met for the first time on a small island in the Caribbean Sea . While on a voyage for Spain in search of a direct sea route from Europe to Asia, Christopher Columbus unintentionally discovered the Americas. However, in four separate voyages to the Caribbean from 1492 to 1504, he remained convinced that he had found the lands that Marco Polo reached in his overland travels to China at the end of the 13th century. To Columbus it was only a matter of time before a passage was found through the Caribbean islands to the fabled cities of Asia.

Columbus was not the first European to reach the Americas—Vikings from Scandinavia had briefly settled on the North American coast, in what is now Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada, in the late 10th or early 11th century. However, Columbus’s explorations had a profound impact on the world. They led directly to the opening of the western hemisphere to European colonization; to large-scale exchanges of plants, animals, cultures, and ideas between the two worlds; and, on a darker note, to the deaths of millions of indigenous American peoples from war, forced labor, and disease.

In fourteen hundred ninety-two
Columbus sailed the ocean blue.

He had three ships and left from Spain;
He sailed through sunshine, wind and rain.

He sailed by night; he sailed by day;
He used the stars to find his way.

A compass also helped him know
How to find the way to go.

Ninety sailors were on board;
Some men worked while others snored.

Then the workers went to sleep;
And others watched the ocean deep.

Day after day they looked for land;
They dreamed of trees and rocks and sand.

October 12 their dream came true,
You never saw a happier crew!

"Indians! Indians!" Columbus cried;
His heart was filled with joyful pride.

But "India" the land was not;
It was the Bahamas, and it was hot.

The Arakawa natives were very nice;
They gave the sailors food and spice.

Columbus sailed on to find some gold
To bring back home, as he'd been told.

He made the trip again and again,
Trading gold to bring to Spain.

The first American? No, not quite.
But Columbus was brave, and he was bright.

King Henry's 2nd Wife

     
     Anne Boleyn was the second wife of King Henry the 8th. They were privatly married in January 1533, but nobidy knew until easter that year. She was the mother of Queen Elizabeth 1, who was born in September of 1533. While they were married Henry had affairs with other women due to losing interest. After two attempts of having children she still didn't meet King Henry's demands of having a boy. Anne was convicted of adultery and was believed to have had affairs. On May 19, 1536, she was beheaded because of an unanimous tip. Many people thought she was innocent but that didn't matter because her guiltiness was supported by Thomas Cromwell.